Biology 2
The Young Biologist
The aims of the training are to enable the apprentice to- plan and implement tests in the laboratory from all the main areas, report on the work with and without digital tools, and point out sources of errors in the tests
- plan and implement a major field study with an examination of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem, and evaluate and present the results with and without digital tools
- explain why publishing and professional criticism are necessary processes in biology as a science
- find new areas of study in biology from various media and evaluate information and media claims from a scientific point of view
- discuss on a professional basis ethical challenges within biological research
- discuss environmental challenges locally and globally based on biological knowledge
- use animation and simulation software to show phenomena and biological connections
Energy conversion
The aims of the training are to enable the apprentice to- compare the main features and energy exchange in aerobic and anaerobic degradation of glucose, and link the energy conversion in cells to the composition of nutrients in food
- explain how enzymes, ATP and other cofactors work, and how enzyme activity is regulated in cells and tissue
- explain how light energy is converted to chemically bound energy in photosynthesis, and how this energy is used to produce glucose
- give an account of how external factors affect photosynthesis
Genetics
The aims of the training are to enable the apprentice to- explain the structure of DNA and how DNA is replicated before the cells divide
- give an account of the transcription and translation of genes and explain how the regulation of a gene can control biological processes
- compare mitosis and meiosis with emphasis on the distribution of genetic material in the cells formed through duplication
- set up and test hypotheses for gender determination and dihybrid inheritance with and without a coupling of genes
- explain genetic diseases by using studies of heredity and mutations, and give an account of how the interaction between heredity, environment and lifestyle can affect the health of humans
Biotechnology
The aims of the training are to enable the apprentice to- give an account of genetic fingerprinting and how the technique can be used in forensic science and in the study of relationships between individuals and groups of organisms
- explain how genetically modified organisms can be produced; discuss how this can be used in medicine, food production and biological research, and what impact it can have on the environment
- give an account of the biological value of stem cells, explain the principle for reproductive and therapeutic cloning, and discuss ethical aspects associated with the selection of different sources of stem cells
- formulate and discuss problems involving the use of genetic diagnosis and genetic therapy on humans
Ecology
The aims of the training are to enable the apprentice to- collect, define and classify different organisms and link information about mode of living and adaptations to a selection of organisms
- give an account of factors that regulate growth and size of populations and management of stocks in a sustainable perspective
- give an account of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in an ecosystem, and how environmental poisons are concentrated in food chains
- give an account of how the energy flow between trophic levels affects the ecosystem
- explain how an ecosystem can change over time, and link it to climate change and other environmental problems
Evolution
The aims of the training are to enable the apprentice to- give an account of the main features of the theory of evolution and the kind of studies it is based on
- give an account of theories of the origin of species, and describe some of the main features of how life on earth has developed
- explain how the genetic composition in populations is changed by mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, horizontal gene transfer and change in the number of chromosomes
- describe mechanisms that prevent gene flow between species, and give an account of theories about how new species can develop
- explain how molecular biology and gene technology have provided us with new ideas about the origin of species and development of the evolutionary tree
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